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A cable tester is an electronic device used to verify the electrical connections in a cable or other wired assembly. Generally a cable tester consists of:
1.A source of electric current,
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2.A volt meter,
3.A switching matrix used to connect the current source and the volt meter to all of the contact points in a cable.
In addition to these parts a cable tester may also have a microcontroller and a display to automate the testing process and show the testing results.
In 2017, Conviva, a leading provider of measurement and analytics services for streaming media, released a comprehensive report highlighting the rapid growth of the OTT market. The report revealed that key market indicators for OTT services doubled in growth, emphasizing strategies to improve startup times and thereby increasing total viewing hours by 2 billion. The analysis also covered various trends across devices, applications, and regions.
**Part One: OTT Market Status**
**Watching Time**
According to Conviva’s global customer data, total viewing time in 2017 surpassed 12.6 billion hours, marking a 100% increase from the previous year. This was achieved through 2.4 billion different devices. Regionally, North America accounted for 58%, Europe for 21%, Asia for 19%, and other regions for 2%. Conviva has observed the evolution of OTT services from traditional linear pay-TV to MVPDs and pay-TV providers, with viewing habits expanding rapidly. The company anticipates continued growth in 2018 driven by both existing and new customers.
**Play Amount**
Globally, Conviva recorded 38.8 billion video plays in 2017, a 74% increase compared to the previous year. North America led with 54%, followed by Asia at 25%, Europe at 18%, and other regions at 3%. By December 2017, browser-based video traffic on Conviva's platform made up 36%, while video applications accounted for 64%. This marked a significant shift from the previous year, where browser usage grew by only 23% compared to a 160% increase in app-based video consumption. Despite ongoing support for web-based players, consumer preferences have increasingly favored native apps, especially as OTT devices like smart TVs become more prevalent.
**Concurrency**
Conviva experienced numerous peak concurrent events during the year, reaching a high of 9.76 million connections. Overall concurrency increased by 103% year-over-year. These spikes were often linked to live sports events and original content that mimicked live viewing experiences. Conviva noted an average viewing completion rate of 46.6%, with device-specific performance varying. Xbox and Roku devices had the highest completion rates, suggesting that traditional home TV viewing is more conducive to watching full-length content than mobile or browser-based streaming.
**Devices**
Streaming OTT devices, such as Roku boxes, FireTV, Apple TV, and gaming consoles like PlayStation and Xbox, were the strongest drivers of video consumption. Mobile platforms followed, with iOS devices outperforming Android by nearly double (7.45 vs. 3.22 hours per device). Macs also showed higher engagement than standard PCs. These insights highlight the evolving landscape of streaming devices and their impact on user behavior.
**Part II: OTT Streaming Video Quality of Experience (QoE)**
Conviva tracks four key quality of experience metrics: re-buffering rate, video start time (VST), bit rate, and video start failure (VSF). These KPIs are essential for driving user satisfaction and retention.
**Video Start Time**
In 2017, Conviva recorded 47.1 billion playback attempts, with 38.8 billion successful plays. A total of 17.7% of attempts failed due to VSF or early exits, equating to 8.3 billion unsuccessful attempts. The average video start time rose by 23% to 4.84 seconds, with monthly variations between 4.07 and 6.82 seconds. Browser-based startups averaged 5.96 seconds, while app-based starts were faster at 4.37 seconds. As bit rates increased, resolution improvements allowed for better high-definition streaming.
**Re-Buffering Rate**
The average re-buffering rate was 0.95%, with a monthly average of 0.79% and a peak of 1.66%. A 0.2% increase in re-buffering could reduce viewing time by nearly eight minutes, significantly impacting user engagement. Conviva found that higher re-buffering rates could cut participation by over 50%, underscoring the importance of maintaining smooth streaming experiences.
**Engagement Impact**
Conviva’s data highlights how buffering directly affects viewer satisfaction and revenue. Real-time monitoring of QoE metrics can help predict and influence engagement, audience satisfaction, and overall OTT revenue. The report emphasizes the need for continuous optimization of streaming quality to retain users in an increasingly competitive market.
Conviva’s data comes from its extensive customer base, which represents nearly 60% of internet users and includes seven of the top ten SVoD providers in the U.S., along with global OTT service providers. As one of the largest continuous surveys of OTT streaming, this report offers valuable insights into the future of digital video consumption.