Analysis of QoE in mobile communication network

1 Introduction

Many 2G mobile network users mentioned 3G, they will have the same problem: What are the advantages of 3G compared to 2G, and what does the 3G era bring? The simple answer is that 3G will greatly affect the lifestyle and work of users Habits will bring a real experience economic era. 3G users will be more and more enthusiastic about various services and applications with strong participation, good interactivity and attractiveness, with special attention to the effect of experience. With the rapid development of foreign 3G networks and services, China's 3G era has also arrived. Unlike 2G, the key to the success of 3G services is to see the quality of user experience (QoE). The fierce market competition makes operators realize that improving end user satisfaction, retaining users and expanding user scale is survival and profitability. Key, so the concept of QoE and related research came into being.

QoE can be understood as user experience or user perception. That is, the end user's subjective perception of the service performance provided by the mobile network. It can represent the end user's experience and feelings about services and networks through a near-quantitative method, and reflect the gap between current service and network quality and user expectations. QoE's quantitative indicators can be identified with five levels: excellent, good, good, fair, and poor. The main body of QoE evaluation is the end user, and the evaluation object is the business and the network supporting the business (mainly including the core network, wireless network and business platform).

2. The relationship between QoE and QoS, KPI, KQI

2.1 QoS

When it comes to QoE, of course QoS is involved. ITU-T Rec E.800 [1] originally defined QoS as "the comprehensive effect of service performance that determines the degree of user satisfaction", which contains a wide range of content at multiple levels. The ultimate goal of QoS is to get the best experience when the end user uses a specific service. Considering that the end user's experience of QoS varies with different application requirements, a set of common parameters needs to be defined for the lower layer protocol to clarify the service requirements. Therefore, the industry sometimes sometimes interprets QoS as the performance of the underlying packet data transmission in a narrow sense. Indicators, such as delay, jitter, bandwidth, and bit errors. From the definition of ITU-T, it can be seen that the original intention of the concept of QoS is consistent with the concept of QoE.

The QoS mechanism is mainly responsible for business management and service differentiation from the perspective of the network. Network entities handle different services according to different quality requirements. But experiencing QoS from the perspective of the end user is a broader and more subjective issue, namely the category defined by QoE. From the perspective of the mobile communication network, the best solution to obtain a better QoE is to provide an excellent end-to-end QoS.

2.2 Network performance and KPI

For 2G networks, network performance is the focus of operators. Network performance is defined in the ITU-T Rec E.800 standard as "the ability of a network or part of a network to provide a communication mechanism between users." Network performance is the basis for ensuring QoE and QoS requirements. Compared to QoE, which is difficult to measure directly, network performance is information that network operators and equipment manufacturers can easily plan, design, and monitor.

KPI (Key Performance Index) is usually an important parameter that can be monitored and measured at the network level. In current network management of mobile networks, KPI is understood as network performance, and in network element management, KPI is understood as network element performance.

2.3 KQI and the relationship between several

User experience management (CEM) is an innovative method of business management developed by mainstream wireless operators in the industry (researched in the TMF (Telecommunication Management Forum)). The focus is on directly measuring user experience in real time and defining user experience indicators (CEI). And KQI (Key Quality Index) is a service quality parameter that is mainly proposed for different services and is close to the user's experience. From the perspective of TMF research, CEM is a concept that belongs to the QoE management category; CEI is a relevant key indicator reflecting the QoE level, the focus is on users, and it is related to user behavior; KQI is a key indicator at the business level, which may be different business Or the quality parameters of the application, so CEM for CEI can be understood as the preferred solution for business management in the QoE management architecture.

Figure 1 depicts the relationship between the above concepts. The current business management architecture of 2G and 2.5G networks usually adopts the "KPI-KQI" bottom-up approach. For 3G operators, QoE management should be closely integrated with CEM to achieve different services for different users. Automatic management of CEI. Table 1 analyzes the key influencing factors of QoE from the technical / non-technical level.

3. Progress of relevant standardization organizations

(1) 3GPP

R97 / 98 is the first step in the evolution of the mobile network QoS management system and defines the differences between the data packets provided by the QoS architecture based on the context content of the PDP. R99 proposes to introduce new attributes and categories (session class, streaming media class, interactive class, background class) to coordinate the QoS management architecture of GERAN (GSM / EDGE wireless access network) and UTRAN (UMTS wireless access network). Prior to R5, the mobile network's application negotiation process between the terminal and the server was completely transparent, and the operator's goal was to understand, control, approve, and even manage the negotiation content established at this level. R5 really put forward the negotiation of QoS requirements from an end-to-end perspective. By introducing IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) services, the standardization of QoS authorization was realized. R6 goes one step further. In the PSS (Packet Switched Streaming Media Service) specification, RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Media Protocol) defines some extension fields, and the QoE header field is added to ensure end-to-end negotiation of QoE indicators [2].

(2) 3GPP2

The cdma2000 1x EV-DO RevA standard released by 3GPP2 has begun to specify some requirements and reference models for E2E QoS based on the concept of service instances. The cdma2000 wireless IP network provides QoS support through one or more packet data service instances. The new standard suggests that under different service instances between MT and BSC, different PPP frames sent in a separate PPP (point-to-point protocol) session should be sent, and each PPP frame should carry a different service type [3], For each service instance, a separate RLC (Radio Link Control) session is recommended. With the introduction of service examples, the QoS supported by 3GPP2 has become closer to 3GPP R99 according to the 4 types of services that can be provided.

(3) ITU-T

ITU-T's research on QoE first started with IPTV, and its definition of IPTV emphasizes that IPTV services are transmitted through a manageable IP network, not on the public Internet, and requires a manageable IP network. It can provide certain QoS / QoE to ensure better security and reliability. At present, the focus of IPTV standard work is on the research of service demand standards, which has 7 aspects in total. ITU-T put the QoE research on the agenda when doing the research plan for 2005-2008, in which Study Group 12 (service performance and quality) specially set up a sub-topic of "Multimedia QoS / QoE performance requirements and evaluation methods" .

(4) ETSI

The ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) QoS architecture [4] fully considers the end-to-end user experience. Among them, the performance indicators (ie, service KPIs) of different types of services (mainly direct delivery services and store-and-forward services) are defined and described from the user's perspective, and specific statistical methods and reference points are proposed for QoE KQI to the network / Network element KPI mapping analysis has laid the foundation, but the MOS measurement is still in the research and development stage.

4. QoE development forecast

4.1 Standard forecast

The end-to-end QoS architecture defined by 3GPP and 3GPP2 is a relatively advanced solution, and currently lacks detailed algorithms and very few available bearers. At present, 2G and 2.5G networks are still based on BE mode or based on priority mode for simple QoS distinction. 3GPP and 3GPP2 research on QoE / QoS are all based on an all-IP network architecture. As various standards organizations such as 3GPP continue to improve the IMS standard, the detailed standards and technical protocols of the end-to-end QoS architecture will also change with each passing day.

ITU-T's research on service management [5] has been ongoing, including the development trend of service management, CEI system architecture under different network structures (non-NGN architecture, NGN system IMS architecture and NGN system non-IMS architecture), specific business QoE evaluation method. It is expected that these topics will have new progress and conclusions after 2008.

4.2 Research forecast

As operators increasingly clarify and value the concept of user QoE, various standards organizations are gradually improving the relevant specifications. The industry's research on QoE also presents a blooming situation. The ring model of the QoE management architecture is the key trend of research, as shown in Figure 2. QoE management mainly includes three parts [1]: QoS presetting, QoS and QoE monitoring and evaluation optimization.

Figure 2 QoE management architecture

● QoS preset refers to user-centered configuration and adjustment of end-to-end QoS related parameters for different services. Different from the traditional network element data configuration, the preset indexes here mainly come from CEI and KQI, and may also bring about adjustments in service planning and network planning, and lay the foundation for QoS and QoE monitoring systems.

● QoS and QoE monitoring refers to the monitoring and measurement of preset indicators, mainly implemented on NMS (Network Management System). It uses reasonable monitoring methods and statistical methods to provide strong support for the effective evaluation of QoE. At the same time, operators can improve the operation and maintenance management system driven by user experience management.

● Evaluation and optimization refers to the effective evaluation of monitorable indicators (which can be considered as a combination of CEI), and the optimization of related indicators for the purpose of improving QoE. After optimization, the indicators will be preset again and a new round of monitoring will be conducted. The optimization process may be cumbersome, but it may bring considerable rewards to operators.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that QoE management is a gradual ring model, and only this circular management system can fully guarantee the core competitiveness of operators. We can boldly predict the future development of QoE research in the following directions.

● Research on QoE indicators: an index aggregation model based on KQI / CEI. The main content includes the mapping modeling of QoE KQI and network KPI for business; the aggregate analysis of network KPI to CEI to realize the experience evaluation of the business used by users. The aggregation method can consider multi-dimensional aggregation of space domain, time domain and user domain.

● Research on QoE management system architecture: Take the network operator as the lead, and combine CP / SP (content provider / service provider) and terminal provider to realize the end-to-end QoE management process Its research content includes a user-centric business management architecture [6] and a user, market, and operation and maintenance front-end and back-end interaction management system architecture aimed at improving user QoE.

● Research on QoE evaluation methods, auxiliary tools and products: objective evaluation of QoE indicators and fully reflecting the true perception of users is also a key part of QoE management for operators. The related test auxiliary tools and products derived from this will also be the research and development goals of test vendors and tool vendors.

4.3 Industry products

At present, the research and product development of "QoE management combined with CEM" in the industry has risen, mainly reflected as follows.

(1) Product development based on CEM architecture (represented by Nokia)

Nokia has launched MQA (Terminal Quality Analyzer) and SQM (Service Quality Management System) products [1]. The CEM perspective refers to that the mobile terminal itself eventually evolves into the most ideal automatic test point for user experience, and the MQA installed on the user terminal can achieve true CEI monitoring and CEM through SQM. SQM can realize business management of different types of users and application management of different services, thereby helping operators understand user perception and realize a user-centric business management model. This product has been used by the European mainstream operator Orange.

(2) KQI classification method based on QoE (represented by Nortel)

Nortel conducted a survey on "QoE-based KQI classification method" to investigate the situation in which GPRS users endure web browsing delays when opening web pages, and classified KQIs for web browsing delays based on user tolerance. This QoE KQI analysis product and tool for a certain business or application has been favored by many 2G / 2.5G operators.

(3) Test equipment and solutions (represented by Spirent in the US)

At the ITU 2006 World Telecom Exhibition, Spirent demonstrated a communication test system for next-generation networks, focusing on the development and deployment of triple-play / IPTV, 3G, IMS, WiMAX, and wireless networks and services, and for Web applications And network infrastructure security to provide comprehensive testing solutions. It is worth noting that Spirent proposes to provide comprehensive guarantees for network performance optimization and QoE enhancement, which is undoubtedly required by operators and equipment vendors.

5. The significance of operators for QoE research

The continued growth of mobile communications industry revenue is the goal pursued by operators, and this depends on the popularity and success of rich mobile services and applications. Operators must proactively monitor and manage their users ’QoE (ie, QoE management) when using the service. A high-quality experience will increase users’ recognition of services and applications, and enhance the value of the operator ’s brand. The biggest challenge facing operators today is how to observe and improve the actual service quality of users in real time, and locate network operations to the most valuable user groups. These are the significance of QoE research by operators. The goal of QoE management is to collect various key statistics and convert them into knowledge of user experience, help operators build awareness and understanding of user experience, and thus promote the optimization process of existing resources by network technology departments, especially for High ARPU users have the greatest impact on network performance optimization.

Through QoE management, operators can effectively interact many front-end departments of network quality, marketing and customer service with back-end departments such as network planning and optimization, operation and maintenance, and information support to form a purpose for improving user experience. Multi-party cooperation and collaboration system for users, services and networks. For QoE management research, operators can start from the following aspects:

One is to improve the existing network, multi-dimensionally expand NMS indicators to end-to-end business performance indicators centered on user experience, and customize experience measurement strategies for specific users;

Second, for the newly built mobile network, focusing on the front-end and back-end interactive QoE management system architecture, collating and analyzing user-level needs for mainstream business and applications, and actively developing a dedicated QoE management platform;

The third is to rely on the KQI and CEI of the old business that can be monitored and evaluated to effectively predict the commercial status of the new mobile business in specific user objects and improve the overall revenue of the mobile business.

6. Conclusion

From the introduction of the QoE concept, to the progress of relevant standards and subsequent research directions, it can be seen that the operator is the main promoter in the QoE management chain and plays a pivotal role. Operators must not only closely follow the development of QoE standards and products, but also actively propose their development and research directions in order to promote the development of QoE standards and product development by relevant manufacturers and institutions, so as to truly achieve a quality management framework based on user experience. In-depth research on QoE will be one of the popular directions of the mobile communication industry in the next few years.

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