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Medical sensors play a crucial role in the advancement of medical instruments and experimental research. These devices are designed to detect various biological signals and convert them into manageable electrical signals, serving as the initial step in any medical measurement system. As a bridge between medical equipment and the human body, they are essential for accurate and reliable data collection. Without precise measurements from medical sensors, subsequent diagnostic or analytical steps would be unreliable or inaccurate. Moreover, medical sensors provide critical information that influences the design and functionality of diagnostic instruments.
The development of medical sensors is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in engineering and biomedical science. Sensor technology has two main directions: one focuses on improving the sensor itself, while the other involves integrating sensors with computer systems. Within the development of the sensors themselves, there are two key branches. One is basic research, which explores new materials and technologies to create more advanced sensors. The other is the practical application of these innovations, where new sensor products are developed to meet market demands. This includes the use of optical technology, microelectronic packaging, and disposable chip designs.
Current research areas include the use of multifunctional ceramic materials, biofunctional substances, and micro-machining techniques to produce ultra-small, highly sensitive sensors. Additionally, the development of chemical and biosensors is gaining momentum, especially in biomedicine, where they support basic research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
Biofunctional substances, also known as molecular recognition agents, are becoming increasingly important in the development of biomimetic sensors. Unlike traditional sensors, which act as signal converters based on physical or chemical phenomena, biofunctional membranes can mimic biological responses. These membranes, typically 6–10 micrometers thick, contain receptor proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. When exposed to external stimuli—such as light, chemicals, or biological molecules—the membrane potential changes, triggering a response through nerve signals. Researchers have created artificial functional membranes, such as immune membranes and enzyme membranes, that respond to specific biochemical interactions. These membranes are used in biosensors to measure glucose, lactic acid, immunoglobulins, DNA, RNA, and neurotransmitters. Some researchers are even exploring array electrodes or composite enzyme electrodes to create biosensors capable of detecting multiple substances at once, mimicking the five human senses.
Practical applications of medical sensors include real-time monitoring of blood components, such as ions and gases. Miniaturized sensor arrays are being used in catheter probes to gather detailed cardiac function data from within the heart. Advances in optical fibers and semiconductor micro-optical devices are enabling more sophisticated anthropometric measurements. Additionally, new techniques using biochemical reactions are being developed to measure molecular-level parameters, further expanding the capabilities of medical sensors in both clinical and research settings.