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Medical sensors play a crucial role in the advancement of medical instruments and experimental research. These devices are designed to detect various biological signals and convert them into manageable electrical signals, serving as the initial stage in medical measurement systems. They act as a bridge between medical equipment and the human body, making them an essential component in the diagnostic process. Without accurate and reliable medical sensors, the subsequent steps in data processing and analysis would not yield correct results. Moreover, medical sensors provide critical information that influences the design and functionality of diagnostic tools.
The development of medical sensors has been driven by advances in engineering and medical science. Sensor technology is evolving in two main directions: one focuses on improving the sensor itself, while the other involves integrating sensors with computer systems. Within the development of the sensor itself, there are two key areas: fundamental research into new materials and technologies, and the creation of new sensor products tailored for market demand. Basic research emphasizes innovations in materials and ultra-fine fabrication techniques, while product development leverages optical technology, microelectronic packaging, and disposable chip designs.
Current research trends include the use of multifunctional ceramic materials, biofunctional substances, and microfabrication techniques to create ultra-small, highly sensitive sensors. Additionally, the development of chemical and biosensors is gaining momentum, especially in biomedical applications. These sensors support basic medical research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
Biofunctional substances, also known as molecular recognition agents, are increasingly important in the development of biomimetic sensors. Unlike traditional sensors that merely convert physical or chemical phenomena into signals, these advanced sensors aim to mimic the sensory functions of living organisms. Biological membranes respond to external stimuli, such as light or chemicals, by altering membrane potential. This change triggers nerve signals that transmit information to the brain. Inspired by this, scientists have created artificial functional membranes—such as immune membranes and enzyme membranes—that can detect specific molecules through interactions like antigen-antibody binding or chemical absorption.
These biofunctional membranes are now used in the development of biosensors, which are widely applied in medicine to measure glucose, lactic acid, immunoglobulin G (IgG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), DNA, RNA, and neurotransmitters. Researchers are even exploring multi-electrode arrays and composite enzyme electrodes to create biosensors capable of detecting multiple substances simultaneously, aiming to replicate the five human senses.
In practical applications, medical sensors are being used for real-time monitoring of blood components, such as ions and gases. Miniature sensor arrays are being integrated into catheter probes to collect comprehensive cardiac data from within the heart. Advances in optical fiber and semiconductor micro-optical devices are enabling more sophisticated anthropometric measurements. Additionally, new biochemical reaction-based techniques are being developed to analyze molecular-level data, further expanding the capabilities of medical sensors in modern healthcare.