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Engineers are well aware that power and frequency have a critical relationship in mechanical and electrical systems operating near resonance (Figure 1). Resonance can be both beneficial and harmful. When too much energy is absorbed by a single mode, it may cause system damage. However, resonance is also useful for maintaining oscillation at resonant frequencies, such as in mechanical and electrical clocks. Many people may not realize that resonance can also be used to adjust power levels across variable loads, such as in solid-state lighting (SSL) systems, making them more cost-effective and reliable.
Figure 1 shows the normalized power of a typical resonance with a center frequency of 30 kHz and a bandwidth of 20 kHz. Note that there is no overlap with the line frequency.
LEDs are particularly interesting because they are becoming more economical in lighting applications. They are low-voltage DC devices with steep current-voltage curves, so constant current drivers are typically used instead of constant voltage sources. Luminaires often contain multiple LED strings connected in parallel, which must be closely matched to ensure consistent light output. A single failure in one LED can cause the entire string to fail.
One approach to overcoming these challenges is the use of distributed reactive components. By spreading capacitors or inductors throughout the network, it becomes possible to control the power of the entire array without adding complex semiconductor devices. This method allows for efficient, low-cost control of large networks. Reactive components like capacitors and inductors are small, inexpensive, and can be integrated on-chip or as discrete elements.
Adding series and parallel reactive components opens new possibilities for power control. These components can form a resonant tank where the main dissipation occurs through the resistive load of the LEDs. Near-lossless reactance can replace energy-consuming resistors, improving efficiency and reducing heat generation.
Imagine an illumination network made up of multiple lighting units, each containing LEDs and reactive components like capacitors. These units can be connected in series or parallel to create a resonant network known as "solid-state lighting reactance strings" (RSSL). This design allows for flexible and scalable lighting solutions.
In Figure 3, an energy storage circuit consists of 10 reactive strings. All LEDs are identical, and all capacitors have the same value. The total capacitance per unit is 2C, while the total capacitance of the string is C/5. The resonant frequency is determined by √(5LC), and the reactance of each unit depends on the frequency and capacitance.
A detailed analysis of such a network can be done using a circuit simulator, but rough estimates can also be made based on component values. For a given frequency, the relationship between inductance and capacitance is deterministic. Choosing the right capacitor ensures a high Q resonance, and the current through each cell is controlled by the series capacitor, similar to a resistor in a DC circuit.
The bypass capacitor stores recirculating current when the LED is not conducting, allowing for local resonance control for each LED. This makes the system more efficient and reliable.
Another advantage of RSSL is its ability to operate on multiple frequency channels. Since each reactive string responds only to its specific frequency band, multiple bands can coexist on the same wiring without interference. This also enables data transmission between sensors and controllers.
As long as the line frequency is separated from the resonant frequency, the response to the line frequency is negligible, eliminating flicker without the need for electrolytic capacitors. The RSSL system is electromagnetically quiet and resistant to noise spikes, making it ideal for high-reliability applications.
Cells and strings can be hot-swapped without affecting other parts of the network, allowing many luminaires to share a single high-power drive. For example, a residential or commercial space can be powered by a two-wire bus with a single drive, enabling separate dimming and switching.
The larger the array, the higher the reliability of the RSSL system. Even with 50% component failure, the remaining components can still maintain performance. Additionally, the system allows for lower lumen output drops compared to rated maximums, improving efficiency.
Cost savings and reliability improvements can also be achieved through COB (Chip-on-Board) architecture, which uses multi-junction chips. This approach optimizes device efficiency and allows for scalable lighting solutions.
Using resonance to control LED power is a powerful new method that offers flexibility, efficiency, and reliability in any array application. This article highlights some of the key features and benefits of the RSSL system, showing how resonant drives can enable innovative, low-cost, and multifunctional lighting solutions.