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In today's rapidly evolving mobile communication landscape, China has established the world's largest mobile network. As we transition from 4G to 5G, ensuring the quality and technical advancement of antennas is becoming increasingly critical. With spectrum resources becoming scarcer, antenna innovation is paving the way for more efficient use of wireless spectrum, laying a solid foundation for key 5G applications such as eMBB, mMTC, and uRLLC.
Sun Huarong, an RF expert at Datang Mobile, emphasizes that Massive MIMO technology plays a vital role in achieving high-speed mobile networks. It enables 3D beamforming and supports up to 16–24 data streams, significantly boosting spectral efficiency and user throughput. As a result, large-scale antenna arrays have become one of the primary research areas in 5G development. However, Sun also highlights that commercial deployment of these arrays faces numerous challenges.
From an engineering perspective, the size, wind resistance, weight, and optical module requirements of large-scale antenna arrays must all be addressed. In the past, smart antennas were relatively simple, consisting of a large panel, an RF power amplifier, and some RF lines. Later, dual-polarized arrays reduced complexity. Now, with the industry focusing on 128 antenna elements and 64 RF channels, the design has become more complex. Each channel drives two vertical elements, arranged in an 8×8 dual-polarized configuration. This leads to 65 RF interfaces, making installation difficult if the antenna and RRU are separate.
To simplify this, integrating the antenna array with the RRU into an Active Antenna Unit (AAU) is becoming necessary. However, this increases the AAU’s size and wind resistance, posing challenges for real-world deployment. Additionally, reducing the AAU’s weight is crucial, as it directly impacts mounting and installation ease.
Another challenge lies in the massive baseband IQ data generated by AAUs. With 64 channels, each requiring 100 MHz bandwidth, the data rate can exceed 250 Gbps. Transmitting this over traditional 10G fiber would require multiple links, which is impractical. Solutions include compressing IQ data, moving some baseband processing to the AAU, or upgrading fiber speeds to 25G or 100G—each with its own cost and technical hurdles.
Heat dissipation is another major issue. AAUs operate outdoors and must function in extreme temperatures. With 64 RF channels and high-power components like FPGAs, heat generation is significant. Achieving efficient cooling while keeping the unit compact remains a top priority. Miniaturization of components, including filters, is also essential to reduce overall size and improve integration.
Beyond these, architectural design, inter-module connectivity, high-speed routing, and production processes all require continuous innovation. Only by addressing these challenges can large-scale antenna arrays be successfully commercialized.
Antennas remain a cornerstone of mobile communication systems. Advancing large-scale antenna technology and accelerating its commercialization will directly impact 5G performance. Datang Mobile, leveraging its technical expertise, is committed to overcoming these challenges and driving the widespread adoption of 5G.