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At present, China has established the world's largest mobile communication network. As we transition from 4G to 5G and enter the 5G era, ensuring the quality and technological advancement of antennas has become increasingly crucial, especially with the growing scarcity of spectrum resources. Antenna innovation is opening up new possibilities for more efficient use of these limited resources, laying a solid foundation for the implementation of 5G scenarios such as eMBB, mMTC, and uRLLC.
Sun Huarong, an RF expert at Datang Mobile, emphasizes that Massive MIMO is a key technique to ensure high-speed performance in mobile networks. It enables 3D beamforming and supports up to 16-24 data streams, significantly improving spectral efficiency and user data rates. As a result, large-scale antenna arrays have become one of the main research directions in 5G. However, Sun also points out that the commercialization and deployment of these arrays face numerous challenges.
Firstly, engineering installation poses significant difficulties. The size, wind resistance, weight, and optical module requirements of large-scale antenna arrays must all be addressed. In the past, during the 3G era, smart antennas were composed of a large panel, a power amplifier, and RF lines. Later, dual-polarized antennas reduced bandwidth and RF complexity. The RRU initially solved some of these issues, but the evolution toward massive arrays brings new challenges.
Currently, the industry standard for large-scale antenna arrays is 128 elements and 64 RF channels, with each channel driving two vertical elements. This creates an 8x8 dual-polarized array with specific spacing. With 64 RF channels plus one calibration channel, there are 65 RF interfaces. If the antenna and RRU remain separate, this would require a large number of cables, making installation complex and impractical.
To address this, integrating the antenna array and RF unit into an Active Antenna Unit (AAU) is becoming necessary. However, this increases the size and wind resistance of the AAU, which can hinder real-world deployment. Additionally, reducing the AAU’s weight is critical for easier mounting and installation.
Another challenge lies in the massive data transmission between the AAU and BBU. With 64 RF channels each requiring 100 MHz bandwidth, the baseband IQ data rate becomes extremely high—over 250 Gbps. Using 10G fiber would require over 20 channels, which is not feasible in terms of cost and fiber count. Solutions include compressing IQ data, moving some baseband processing to the AAU, and upgrading fiber speeds to 25G or 100G, though this presents technical and financial challenges.
Heat dissipation is another major issue. AAUs operate outdoors in extreme temperatures and contain many components, leading to high power consumption and heat generation. The increased density of heat within a compact space makes thermal management a top priority. Improving both structural design and overall system efficiency is essential to manage this.
Miniaturization is also a key focus. High integration allows multiple functions to be placed on a single chip, reducing device size. Miniaturizing output filters, such as replacing bulky cavity filters with smaller alternatives, is particularly important for large-scale arrays. Other components must also be miniaturized to meet deployment needs.
Beyond these technical challenges, AAU design, inter-module connectivity, high-speed routing, power consumption, and manufacturing processes all require continuous innovation. Only by addressing each challenge step by step can the commercial success of large-scale antenna arrays be achieved.
Antennas are a fundamental component of mobile communication systems. Advancing large-scale antenna technology and accelerating its commercialization will directly impact the capabilities of 5G networks. Datang Mobile, with its strong technical expertise, is committed to overcoming these challenges and supporting the widespread adoption of 5G.