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Tesla, a leading company in the new energy vehicle industry, has chosen to use a three-phase induction motor instead of the rare earth permanent magnet motors commonly found in traditional electric vehicles. A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) is a type of vehicle that runs entirely on an electric power source and is driven by an electric motor, meeting all necessary road traffic and safety standards. Compared to conventional gasoline-powered cars, BEVs have a smaller environmental impact, which makes their future very promising. However, despite this optimism, the technology is still not fully mature.
The working principle of an electric vehicle is as follows: the battery supplies power, which is then converted into current by the power regulator, sent to the motor, and finally transferred through the power transmission system to drive the vehicle forward.
**Four Key Parameters of Tesla Motor**
New energy vehicles are generally categorized into two main types: fully electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles include three subtypes: regular hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and extended-range hybrids. This article will focus on four important motor-related parameters from the Tesla vehicle parameter configuration table.
â— **Maximum Motor Power (Unit: kW)**
In simple terms, you can think of the electric motor as similar to a traditional internal combustion engine. It also has two essential performance indicators: maximum power and maximum torque. The maximum power refers to the highest power output the motor can deliver. While this concept is similar to that of an engine, electric motors have unique power characteristics. One of the most significant advantages of electric motors is their high energy conversion efficiency—typically over 85%, compared to less than 30% for internal combustion engines. As power increases, so does efficiency, with some large motors achieving up to 98%.
◠**Maximum Torque of the Motor (Unit: N·m)**
Torque is another crucial parameter, similar to that of an internal combustion engine. For an electric motor, maximum torque depends not only on its speed but also on its power. One of the standout features of electric motors is their ability to deliver strong torque at low speeds. This characteristic allows the motor to assist the engine during acceleration or starting, significantly improving the vehicle's overall performance.
â— **Battery Support Maximum Cruising Range (Unit: km)**
For pure electric vehicles, medium and heavy hybrid vehicles, and extended-range vehicles, the cruising range in pure electric mode is an important factor. This range mainly depends on the battery capacity—the larger the capacity, the longer the range. However, in real-world conditions, factors such as temperature, air conditioning usage, and other electrical loads often reduce the actual range below the manufacturer’s stated maximum.
â— **Battery Capacity (Unit: kWh)**
Battery capacity indicates how much energy is stored in the battery pack. Measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), it directly affects the vehicle's driving range. Most domestic pure electric vehicles currently have a battery capacity around 20 kWh, resulting in a range of just over 100 kilometers. In contrast, the Tesla Model S 85 and P85 models feature a battery capacity of 85 kWh, allowing for a range of more than 400 kilometers. Hybrid models typically have smaller battery capacities, depending on the level of hybridization.
**Why Can Tesla Motors Be So Small?**
Two primary factors influence motor output: speed and torque. The product of these two determines the motor’s power. Tesla's motor achieves high power due to its high maximum speed and significant torque. It operates at over 10,000 rpm with a torque of 600 N·m, and its constant torque range extends up to 5,500 rpm. Beyond that, the motor enters the constant power zone, where torque decreases as speed increases.
So, how does Tesla achieve such high speed and torque in a compact design?
High-speed operation is possible with proper balancing and high-speed bearings. For the circuit, it requires high voltage and frequency, typically around 350V, 500Hz, and 1000A. Managing such high currents and frequencies presents challenges, especially due to the skin effect and the need for thick conductive cross-sections.
Tesla solves these issues using multi-strand wires, short coil ends, and high-temperature-resistant materials. The stator is designed for efficient heat dissipation, and the inverter is integrated with the motor, simplifying electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues.
Asynchronous motors are known for their smooth and efficient high-speed operation, giving them an advantage over permanent magnet synchronous motors. They are easier to control at higher speeds, making them ideal for performance-oriented applications.
To enhance torque, Tesla uses deep groove designs in both the stator and rotor to improve magnetic permeability and reduce losses. Copper rotors further increase torque by optimizing the magnetic field.
Additionally, the integration of the controller and motor allows the motor to operate at its maximum torque, unlike standard asynchronous motors that typically run at less than 50% of their maximum torque.
In summary, Tesla has increased both speed and torque by four times, making their motor system highly efficient and powerful. This combination of innovation and engineering excellence sets Tesla apart in the electric vehicle market.